Everywhere in the world women live longer than men – but this was not always the case. The available data from rich countries shows that women didn’t live longer than men in the 19th century. What’s the main reason women are more likely to live longer than men? What is the reason the advantage has grown over time? We only have a few clues and the evidence is not sufficient to draw a definitive conclusion. We know that biological, behavioral and environmental factors contribute to the fact that women have longer life spans than men, but we don’t know exactly how significant the impact of each one of these factors is.
In spite of how much weight, we know that at a minimum, زيوت تطويل الشعر (click through the next website) the reason why women live longer than men in the present but not previously, has to be due to the fact that certain key non-biological factors have changed. What are these changing factors? Some are well known and relatively straightforward, like the fact that men smoke more often. Some are more complex. For example, there is evidence that in rich countries the female advantage increased in part because infectious diseases used to affect women disproportionately a century ago, so advances in medicine that reduced the long-term health burden from infectious diseases, especially for survivors, ended up raising women’s longevity disproportionately.
Everywhere in the world women tend to live longer than men
The first chart below shows life expectancy at birth for men and women. As you can see, all countries are above the diagonal parity line ; it means that in all nations the newborn girl is likely to live for longer than a newborn boy.1
Interestingly, this chart shows that although the female advantage exists everywhere, the country-specific differences are huge. In Russia women have an average of 10 years more than males; while in Bhutan the difference is just half each year.
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The female advantage in life expectancy was much lower in rich countries as compared to the present.
Let’s examine the way that female advantages in life expectancy has changed over time. The chart below illustrates the men and women’s life expectancies at the birth in the US during the period 1790 to 2014. Two areas stand out.
The first is that there is an upward trend. Both men as well as women in the US live a lot, much longer today than a century ago. This is in line with historical increases in life expectancy everywhere in the world.
Second, the gap is getting wider: Although the advantage of women in life expectancy used to be very small It has significantly increased with time.
It is possible to verify that the points you’ve listed are applicable to other countries with data by selecting the «Change country» option in the chart. This includes the UK, France, and Sweden.